国际贸易术语解释通则/h2>

&国际贸易术语解释通则是国际贸易术语的字典格式，国际商业术语。 国际贸易术语解释通则的目的是明确解释外贸领域最广泛使用的贸易术语。 由于它们的使用,有可能大大减少不同国家解释贸易术语的不确定性,因为缔约各方往往不熟悉贸易伙伴国的各种贸易惯例,这最终可能造成误解、分歧和诉讼。/p>

&谁发明和创造国际贸易术语解释通则何时以及为什么？/h3>

&自1919年成立以来，国际商会一直促进国际贸易。 在1936年，国际商会ICC公布了一套国际规则"国际贸易术语解释通则1936"贸易术语的精确定义。 这样做是为了消除上述可能的困难。/p>

&修订及增补于1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 年，使这些规则符合现代国际贸易惯例。 国际贸易术语是国际销售合同的标准条款，在国际公认的文件中预先定义，特别是在国际商会制定的标准销售合同中使用。/p>

&为庆祝其成立100周年，国际商会高兴地宣布筹备和a href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/inkoterms-2020" title="新国际贸易术语解释通则2020">&新刊物 strong>I国际贸易术语解释通则sup>&®/sup> 2020/em>.. 这一最新版的规则将有助于企业为下个世纪的世界贸易做好准备。 但在本文中，我们将考虑国际贸易术语解释通则2010年版。/p>

&国际贸易术语解释通则的基本原则是/p>

  1. &在卖方和买方之间分配货物交付的运输成本，即确定卖方承担哪些成本和多长时间，以及从哪一点开始，买方。/li>
  2. &货物损坏、损失或意外损失的风险（责任）从卖方转移到买方的时刻。/li>
  3. &确定货物交付日期，即确定卖方实际将货物转让给买方或其代表的时刻。/li>

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style="cursor: pointer" data-name="Риск DDP"> <title>&在DDP期间货物损坏，丢失或意外丢失的风险从卖方转移到买方的时刻/title> <polygon class="cls-49" points="908 725.66 898 716.34 888 725.66 898 734.98 908 725.66"></polygon> <text class="cls-93" transform="translate(895.63 731.3) scale(1.07 1)">!!/text> </g> <path id="Полет_самолета" d="M -240 30 h1100"></path> <use xlink:href="#Авиадоставка_Инкотермс-2010-VINCULUM" transform="scale(0.8) translate(0 0)" id="use9084"> <animatemotion id="Движениесамолета" dur="20s" repeatcount="1" fill="freeze"> <mpath xlink:href="#Полет_самолета"></mpath> </animatemotion> </use> <path id="Текст_картинки_движение" d="M -300 30 h600"></path> <use xlink:href="#Текст_картинки" transform="scale(0.8) translate(0 0)" id="use9084"> <animatemotion id="Движениезаголовка" dur="11s" repeatcount="1" fill="freeze"> <mpath xlink:href="#Текст_картинки_движение"></mpath> </animatemotion> </use> </svg> <p>&国际贸易术语解释通则的范围仅限于与销售合同当事人的权利和义务有关的问题，与销售货物的供应有关（这里的货物一词意为"有形货物"，不包括"无形货/p> <p>&除国际贸易术语解释通则外，还有将所有权从卖方转移给买方的规则，以及当事人未能履行货物销售合同义务的后果，包括解除当事人责任的理由，这是由适用的法律或维也纳公约规定的。 条款的结构是按照相对于基本交货条款增加卖方义务量的顺序形成的。/p> <p>&适用国际贸易术语解释通则的关键条件：是所有权转让时刻的监管应在合同中单独规定，重要的是所有权转让与向买方转让意外死亡风险或货物损坏风险相吻合。/p> <div id="sunote_6825320c0392d" data-sr="scale up 20%" class="su-note su-note-style3 su-note-warning su-note-icon"> <div class="su-note-inner su-clearfix"> <p>&在实践中，误解国际贸易术语解释通则的两种变体是最常见的。/p> <ol> <li>&对国际贸易术语解释通则条款的错误理解更多地与运输合同有关，而不是与销售合同有关。/li> <li>&他们应该涵盖各方希望在合同中包含的所有义务的误解。/li> </ol> </div> </div> <p>&国际贸易术语解释通则规定只有买卖协议的框架内的卖方和买方之间的关系，而且，只有在某些方面。 与此同时，出口商和进口商必须考虑到执行国际销售交易所需的各种合同之间的实际关系-不仅需要购买和销售协议，而且还需要运输，保险和融资合同。/p> <p>&国际贸易术语解释通则只涉及其中一个合同，即销售合同。 应该强调的是，国际贸易术语解释通则不打算通过包括监管条件或单独商定的条款来取代完整的购买和销售协议所需的合同条款。/p> <p>&国际贸易术语解释通则不规范违约的后果和免除责任由于各种障碍，这些问题必须通过销售合同的其他条款和相关法律来解决。 国际贸易术语解释通则最初总是用于在货物销售跨越国界交付的情况下使用。/p> <p>&Incotrems不是一项国际条约。 但是，如果在合同中提到Incotrems交付的基础，各个国家机构，主要是海关，以及考虑外国经济纠纷的国家法院，有义务考虑Incotrems的规定。/p> <p>&在一些国家，Incotrems具有法律效力，在与这些国家的居民签订供应合同时，在确定交易的适用法律方面，这一点尤为重要。 例如，在签订俄罗斯公司和乌克兰公司之间的货物供应合同时，在确定适用法律-乌克兰法律时，即使合同中没有明确规定，Incotrems也必须强制适用。 因此，在与这些国家的合作伙伴达成交易并且不想受到Incotrems的指导后，您应该具体说明这种情况。/p> <div id="sunote_6825320c03f10" data-sr="scale up 20%" class="su-note su-note-style3 su-note-danger"> <div class="su-note-inner su-clearfix">&在俄罗斯，Incotrems是咨询性质的，只有合同中提到Incotrems的条款才具有法律效力。 但是，如果合同中提到了Incotrems交付基础，但合同的其他条款与根据Incotrems使用的交付条款相矛盾，则应适用合同的相关条款，而不是Incotrems：据信当事人在解释个别交付基/div> </div> <p>&在选择特定的交付基础时，有必要严格遵守Incotrems的术语。 最好用英语指定一个特定的术语. 在应用特定术语时，有必要指定一个特定的地理点（有时是确切的地点，例如在EXW基础上交付的情况下），其中卖方被认为已经履行了运输货物的义务，承担/p> <p>&请务必参阅Incotrems的编辑部。 在签订对外经济合同时，有必要明确规定基本交货条款的细节。 因此，在合同中指定交付基础之前，例如FOB，有必要仔细研究基础，租船合同中指定的港口的海关，以便在买方和卖方之间准确分配成本。 在发生保险事件时，所有要求卖方提供保险的交货基地都由保险公司以最低条款（货物成本+10％）承保。/p> <div id="sunote_6825320c04312" data-sr="scale up 20%" class="su-note su-note-style3 su-note-warning su-note-icon"> <div class="su-note-inner su-clearfix">&不幸的是，他们仍然继续在完全不合适的地方使用FOB一词，同时迫使卖方承担由于将货物转移到买方指定的承运人而产生的风险。 FOB只能用于"通过船的扶手"或在极端情况下交付到船上的货物，而不是在货物转移到承运人以便随后装载到船上的情况下使用，例如在所谓的"滚装"运输中装入集装箱或装载到卡车或货车上。/p> <p>&因此，在介绍FOB一词时，有与会者提出了一个紧急警告，即当事各方不打算通过船舶扶手交付货物时，不应使用该词。/p></div> </div> <p>&在有些情况下，当事各方错误地使用同样用于海上货物运输的术语，而假定采用另一种类型的运输。 这可能使卖方处于无法履行向买方提供适当文件（例如，提单、海运单或电子等价物）的义务的地位。 为此，每个术语的介绍都表明它是否可用于所有类型的运输或仅用于海上运输。/p> <p>&船上提单是卖方可以根据CFR和CIF条款提交的唯一可接受的文件。 提单有三个重要功能:/p> <ul> <li>&船上货物交付证明;/li> <li>&运输合同证明书;/li> <li>&通过向另一方转让单证，将过境货物的权利转让给另一方的手段。/li> </ul> <p>&除提单外，其他运输单证将履行前两项指定功能，但不会控制过境货物到目的地的交付或使买方能够通过向其买方转让单证来出售过境货物。 相反，其他运输单据将指定有权在目的地接收货物的一方。 由于在目的地接收承运人的货物需要拥有提单，因此特别难以用电子单证代替提单。/p> <p>&通常会签发几份提单原件，当然非常重要的是买方或在向卖方付款时按照其指示行事的银行确保卖方转让所有原件（"成套"）。 这是国际商会跟单信用证规则/国际商会跟单信用证规则/(Uniform Traditions and Practice Of The International Chamber of Commerce/ICC Uniform Customs and Practice,"UCP"/)的要求。  ICC公开号500)。/p> <div id="sunote_6825320c0479b" data-sr="scale up 20%" class="su-note su-note-style3 su-note-warning su-note-icon"> <div class="su-note-inner su-clearfix">&运输单证不仅必须表明货物交付给承运人，而且还必须表明货物在承运人可以确认的情况下，已收到的货物处于完全正常状态和良好状态。 运输单证中任何表明在这种情况下未收到货物的条目将使该单证"不干净"，因此根据UCP不可接受。/div> </div> <p>&尽管提单具有特殊的法律性质，但它已经经常被电子文件所取代。 1990年版的国际贸易术语解释通则适当地考虑到了这一预期的改进。 根据第A.8条。 在这些条款中，纸质文件可以由电子信息代替，前提是当事人已同意进行电子通信。 这些信息可以直接传送给有关方或通过提供额外服务的第三方。/p> <p>&可以由第三方有益地提供的一种这样的服务是提单的历任所有人的登记册。 提供这种服务的系统，例如所谓的BOLERO服务，可能需要相关法律规范和原则的进一步支持，这一点已得到1990年海事委员会《电子提单规则》和《贸易法委员会电子商务示范法》第16-17条的确认。/p> <p>&近年来，纪录片实践变得简单得多。 提单通常被不可转让的单证所取代，类似于用于海运以外的其他运输方式的单证。 这些文件被称为"海运单"，"集装箱运单"，"货物收据"或此类表述的变体。 不可转让的文件可以非常令人满意地使用，除非买方希望通过将纸质文件转让给新买方来出售过境货物。 为了做到这一点，卖方必须保持按照CFR和CIF提交提单的义务。 但是，如果缔约各方知道买方不打算出售运输途中的货物，他们可以明确同意解除卖方提供提单的义务，或者，否则，他们可以使用术语CPT和CIP，其中没有要/p> <p>&根据"C"条款支付货物的买方有义务确保在收到付款后，卖方不会通过向承运人发出新的指示来处置货物。 用于某些类型运输（航空、公路或铁路）的一些运输单证为缔约各方提供了机会，通过向买方提供运单的某一正本或副本，阻止卖方向承运人发出新的指示。 但是，在海上运输中代替提单使用的单证通常不包含这种"阻碍"功能。/p> <p>&国际海事委员会纠正了上述文件的这一缺点，于1990年引入了"海运单统一规则"，该规则允许双方当事人在"没有订单"的情况下插入一个条件，根据该条件，卖方通过指示，将货物交付给任何其他人或运单规定以外的其他地方的处置权转让给承运人。/p> <p>&缔约各方如欲在与销售合同下的伙伴意见不一致时申请国际商会仲裁，必须在其销售合同中具体明确地商定国际商会的仲裁，或在没有单一合同文件的情况下，在交换函件时，即它们之间的合同。 在合同或相关通信中包含国际贸易术语解释通则的一个或多个变体这一事实本身并不构成关于申请仲裁的可能性的协议。/p> <div id="sunote_6825320c04dd3" data-sr="scale up 20%" class="su-note su-note-style3 su-note-warning su-note-icon"> <div class="su-note-inner su-clearfix">&国际商会建议以下标准仲裁条款:em> "由本协议引起的/或与本协议有关的所有争议应由根据本规则任命的一名或多名仲裁员根据国际商会仲裁规则最终解决。"/em></div> </div> <p>&《国际贸易术语解释通则》的每一条规则都分为a href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/bazisnye-kategorii-inkoterms">44个基本类别/a>,，其中每一个都有自己明确的方向，定义为一个术语。 每个术语都是一个缩写，第一个字母表示从卖方到买方的义务和风险的过渡点。/p> </div> </div> <dl class="article-info muted"> <dd class="hits"> <span class="icon-eye-open" aria-hidden="true"></span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserPageVisits:62702" /> 意见:62702/dd> </dl> <ul class="pager pagenav"> <li class="previous"> <a class="hasTooltip" title="2010年国际贸易术语解释通则的基本类别" aria-label="Предыдущий: Базисные категории ИНКОТЕРМС 2010" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/bazisnye-kategorii-inkoterms" rel="prev"> <span class="icon-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span aria-hidden="true">返回/span> </a> </li> </ul> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header></div> <div class="g-container"> <section id="g-above" class="g-default-above"> <div class="g-grid"> <div class="g-block size-100 center nopaddingtop"> <div class="g-content"> <div class="platform-content"><div class="moduletable "> <div class="custom" > <a id="subtn_6825320f58166" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/exw-franko-zavod-ex-works" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> EXW/span></a> <a id="subtn_6825320f584e7" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/fca-free-carrier" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> FCA/span></a> <a id="subtn_6825320f587cb" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/fas-svobodno-vdol-borta-sudna-free-alongside-ship" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> FAS/span></a> <a id="subtn_6825320f58a9e" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/fob-free-on-board" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> 离岸价/span></a> <a id="subtn_6825320f58d6c" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/cfr-cost-and-freight" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> CFR/span></a> <a id="subtn_6825320f59035" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/cif-inkoterms-stoimost-strakhovanie-i-frakht" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> 到岸价/span></a> <a id="subtn_6825320f59306" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/incoterms/cpt-inkoterms-perevozka-oplacheno-do" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> CPT/span></a> <a id="subtn_6825320f595d3" href="/zh-CN/informatsiya/inkoterms/cip-inkoterms-perevozka-i-strakhovanie-oplacheny" data-sr="ease-out 90px" class="su-button su-button-style-soft" target="_self"><span> 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